Learn everything you need to know about Honda Foreman 500 DTC codes, what they mean in this comprehensive guide.
All Honda Foreman 500 Codes (DTCs)
2005-2011 Models
ESP System Fault Codes:
| Gear Position Indicator Blinks | Check Part and/or System |
| 1 | ECM (writing & recording circuit) |
| 2 | ES shift switch system (up & down) |
| 3 | Angle sensor system |
| 4 | Gear position switch system |
| 5 | ECM motor driver circuit |
| 6 | ECM fail-safe relay circuit |
| 7 | ECM voltage convert circuit |
| 8 | Angle sensor system |
| 9 | Angle sensor system |
| 10 | CKP sensor system |
| 11 | Rear VS sensor system |
| 12 | Gear position switch system |
| 13 | Throttle position (TP) sensor system |
4WD System Fault Codes:
| 4WD indicator blinks | Check part & system |
| 2 | Front VS sensor |
| 3 | Rear VS sensor |
| 4 | System voltage |
| 5 | Front final clutch system |
EPS System Fault Codes:
| DTC | Function Failure | System/Fail-safe function | Latch/Reset/Revest |
| 11-01 | Excessive change of the vehicle speed signal (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Subsistution control of the engine RPM | Revest |
| 11-02 | Comparison between the vehicle speed and the engine speed signal (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Subsistution control of the engine RPM | Revest |
| 13-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Lower FET stuck ON) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 13-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Upper FET stuck ON) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 13-03 | EPS ECU internal circuit (FET stuck ON <over current>) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 13-04 | EPS ECU internal circuit (FET stuck ON (VM<Voltage Motor>)) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 13-05 | EPS ECU internal circuit (FET stuck ON (over current<accumulated>)) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 14-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Power relay stuck ON) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 14-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Fail-safe relay 1 stuck ON) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 14-03 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Fail-safe relay 2 stuck ON) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 14-04 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Power relay stuck open) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 15-01 | 4WD selectable system blinking communication line (Regular diagnosis) | 4WD indicator blink (EPS indicator will not come ON)/2WD assist power stabilized | Revest |
| 15-02 | 4WD selectable system communication line voltage (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/2WD assist power stabilized or EPS operating is normally | Revest |
| 16-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Direction determine logic circuit) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 16-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (INH output circuit) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 17-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Voltage raise transformation circuit) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 17-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Voltage raise transformation circuit) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist under the Specified condition | Revest |
| 18-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Current sensor) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 18-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Current sensor off set) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 18-03 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Current sensor stuck low) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 18-04 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Current sensor stuck low) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 18-05 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Motor current deflection) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 18-06 | EPS ECU internal circuit (IM2) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 21-01 | Abnormal motor terminal voltage (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 21-02 | Abnormal motor terminal voltage (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 21-03 | Open in the motor harness (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 22-01 | Failure to initialize the torque sensor (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator blink (DTC will not store in the EPS ECU)/Halt steering assist until the torque sensor is initialized | Latch |
| 23-01 | Low/high voltage for the torque sensor (VT1 and VT@) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist until the DTC is erased | Latch |
| 23-02 | Torque sensor (VT3 Differential-amplification Function) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist until the DTC is erased | Latch |
| 23-03 | Torque sensor (VT1, VT2 rapid change) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist until the DTC is erased | Latch |
| 23-04 | Torque sensor (Temperature sensor) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 23-05 | Torque sensor (Sensor Coil) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist until the DTC is erased | Latch |
| 24-01 | Engine speed signal (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist under the Specified condition | Revest |
| 31-01 | Low/high IG1-terminal voltage (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist under the Specified condition | Revest |
| 31-02 | Low/high IG1-terminal voltage (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist under the Specified condition | Revest |
| 32-01 | Low/high VBU voltage (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist under the Specified condition | Revest |
| 33-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (EEPROM) (Regular diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 35-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (CPU) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 35-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (CPU communication) (Initial diagnosis) | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist immediately | Reset |
| 35-03 | EPS ECU internal circuit (CPU communication) (Regular diagnosis | Indicator ON/Halt steering assist under the Specified condition | Revest |
2012 & Newer Models
EPS System Fault Codes:
| DTC | Function Failure | Symptom/Fail-safe function | Detection timing | Type |
| 11-01 | Excessive change of vehicle speed signal | Indicator ON/Substitution control of the engine RPM | Regular | Revest |
| 11-02 | Comparison between vehicle speed and engine speed signal | Indicator ON/Substitution control of the engine RPM | Regular | Revest |
| 13-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Lower FET stuck ON) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 13-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Upper FET stuck ON) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 13-03 | EPS ECU internal circuit (FET stuck ON <over current>) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 13-04 | EPS ECU internal circuit (FET stuck ON (VM<Voltage Motor>)) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 13-05 | EPS ECU internal circuit (FET stuck ON (over current >accumulated>)) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 14-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Power relay stuck ON) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 14-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Fail-safe relay 1 stuck ON) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 14-03 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Fail-safe relay 2 stuck ON) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 14-04 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Power relay stuck open) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 15-01 | 2WD/4WD select signal blinking | Differential lock and 4WD indicators blink (EPS indicator will not come ON)/2WD assist power stabilized | Regular | Revest |
| 15-02 | 2WD/4WD select signal input line | Indicator ON/2WD assist power stabilized or EPS operating normally | Regular | Revest |
| 16-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Direction determine logic circuit) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 16-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (INH output circuit) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 17-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Voltage raise transformation circuit) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 17-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Voltage raise transformation circuit) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist under the Specified condition | Regular | Reset |
| 18-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Current sensor) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 18-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Current sensor off set) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 18-03 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Current sensor stuck low) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 18-04 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Current sensor stuck low) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 18-05 | EPS ECU internal circuit (Motor current deflection) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 18-06 | EPS ECU internal circuit (IM2) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 21-01 | Abnormal motor terminal voltage | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 21-02 | Abnormal motor terminal voltage | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 21-03 | Open in the motor harness | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 22-01 | Failure to initialize the torque sensor | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist until the torque sensor is initialized | Regular | Latch |
| 23-01 | Low/high voltage for the torque sensor (VT1 and VT2) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist until the DTC is erased | Regular | Latch |
| 23-02 | Torque sensor (VT3 Differential-amplification Function) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist until the DTC is erased | Regular | Latch |
| 23-03 | Torque sensor (VT1, VT2 rapid change) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist until the DTC is erased | Regular | Latch |
| 23-04 | Torque sensor (Temperature sensor) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Regular | Reset |
| 23-05 | Torque sensor (Sensor Coil) | Indicator ON/Disables steering assist until the DTC is erased | Regular | Latch |
| 24-01 | Engine speed signal | Indicator On/Disables steering assist under the Specified condition | Regular | Revest |
| 31-01 | Low/high IG-1 terminal voltage | Indicator On/Disables steering assist under the Specified condition | Initial | Revest |
| 31-02 | Low/high IG-1 terminal voltage | Indicator On/Disables steering assist under the Specified condition | Regular | Revest |
| 32-01 | Low/high VBU voltage | Indicator On/Disables steering assist under the Specified condition | Regular | Reset |
| 33-02 | EPS ECU internal circuit (EEPROM) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 35-01 | EPS ECU internal circuit (CPU) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial and Regular | Reset |
| 35-03 | EPS ECU internal circuit (CPU communication) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist immediately | Initial | Reset |
| 35-04 | EPS ECU internal circuit (CPU communication) | Indicator On/Disables steering assist under the Specified condition | Regular | Reset |
ESP System Fault Codes:
| DTC (“-” blinks) | Function Failure | Symptom/Fail-safe function |
| 8-1 (8) | TP sensor circuit low voltage (less than 0.22 V) • TP sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Poor engine acceleration • Fail-safe value: O° • ESP does not work |
| 8-2 (8) | TP sensor circuit High voltage (more than 4.93 V) • Loose or poor contact of the TP sensor connector • TP sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Poor engine acceleration • Fail-safe value: O° • ESP does not work |
| 11-1 (11) | VS sensor no signal • Loose or poor contact of the Rear VS sensor connector • Rear VS sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • ESP does not work |
| 21-1 (21) | Shift angle sensor circuit low voltage (less than 0.37 V) • Shift angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • ESP does not work |
| 21-2 (21) | Shift angle sensor circuit High voltage (more than 4.62 V) • Loose or poor contact of the Sub-gearshift spindle angle sensor connector • Shift angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • ESP does not work |
| 22-1 (22) | Shift angle sensor response (Control motor lock) • PCM activates the motor but the angle sensor voltage does not change in middle position • Control motor or its circuit malfunction • Shift angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • ESP does not work |
| 22-2 (22) | Shift angle sensor response (Control motor stuck) • PCM does not activate the motor but angle sensor voltage stays out of middle position (195 – 3.05 V) • Control motor or its circuit malfunction • Shift angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • ESP does not work |
| 23-1 (23) | Shift angle sensor response (Voltage variation) • PCM does not activate the motor but angle sensor voltage varies constantly • Shift angle sensor installation problem • Shift angle sensor or its circuit malfunction • Control motor or its circuit malfunction | • ESP does not work |
| 24-1 (24) | Shift control motor drive circuit • Control motor or its circuit malfunction • Control motor drive circuit malfunction | • ESP does not work |
| 32-1 (32) | Fail-safe relay circuit • Fail-safe relay circuit malfunction | • ESP does not work |
| 33-2 (33) | EEPROM malfunction | • Engine operates normally |
| 41-1 (41) | Gear position switch circuit • Gear position switch circuit malfunction (Short) | • Engine does not start • ESP does not work • Gear position indicator blinks “-“ |
| 41-2 (41) | Gear position switch circuit • Gear position switch circuit malfunction (Open) | • ESP does not work • Gear position indicator blinks “-“ |
| 42-1 (42) | Gearshift (UP/DOWN) switch circuit • Gearshift (UP/DOWN) switch circuit malfunction (Short) | • ESP does not work |
PGM-FI System Fault Codes:
| DTC | Function Failure | Symptom/Fail-safe function |
| 1-1 | MAP sensor circuit low voltage (less than 0.195 V) • MAP sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • Pre-program value: 64 kPa |
| 1-2 | MAP sensor circuit high voltage (more than 3.804 V) • Loose or poor contact of the MAP sensor connector • MAP sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • Pre-program value: 64 kPa |
| 7-1 | ECT sensor circuit low voltage (less than 0.015 V) • ECT sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Hard to start at low temperature • Pre-program value: 78.6°C/173.5°F • Cooling fan turns on |
| 7-2 | ECT sensor circuit high voltage (more than 4.981 V) • Loose or poor contact of the ECT sensor connect • ECT sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Hard to start at low temperature • Pre-program value: 78.6°C/173.5°F • Cooling fan turns on |
| 8-1 | TP sensor circuit low voltage (less than 0.107 V) • Loose or poor contact of the TP sensor connector • TP sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Poor engine acceleration • Pre-program value: 0° • ESP does not work |
| 8-2 | TP sensor circuit high voltage (more than 4.981 V) • TP sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Poor engine acceleration • Pre-program value: 0° • ESP does not work |
| 9-1 | IAT sensor circuit low voltage (less than 0.015 V) • IAT sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • Pre-program value: 34.8°C/94.6°F |
| 9-2 | IAT sensor circuit high voltage (more than 4.981 V) • Loose or poor contact of the IAT sensor connector • IAT sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • Pre-program value: 34.8°C/94.6°F |
| 11-1 | VS sensor no signal • Loose or poor contact of the IAT sensor connector • IAT sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • ESP does not work |
| 12-1 | Fuel Injector circuit malfunction • Loose or poor contact of the fuel injector connector • Fuel injector or its circuit malfunction | • Engine does not start • Fuel injector, fuel pump and ignition shut down |
| 21-1 | O2 sensor malfunction • Loose or poor contact of the O2 sensor connector • O2 sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally |
| 23-1 | O2 sensor heater circuit malfunction • Loose or poor contact of the O2 sensor heater connector • O2 sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally |
| 29-1 | IACV circuit malfunction • Loose or poor contact of the IACV connector • IACV or its circuit malfunction | • Engine stalls, hard to start, rough idling |
| 41-1 | Except FA: Gear position switch/FA: Shift drum position switch malfunction • Loose or poor contact of the gear/shift drum position switch connector • Gear/shift position switch or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • ESP does not work • Gear position indicator blinks “-“ |
| 54-1 | Bank angle sensor circuit low voltage • Bank angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • Bank angle sensor stops the control |
| 54-2 | Bank angle sensor circuit high voltage • Loose or poor contact of the bank angle sensor connector • Bank angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • Bank angle sensor stops the control |
| 66-1 (FA models only) | Rear VS sensor no signal • Loose or poor contact of the rear VS sensor connector • Rear VS sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) |
| 67-1 (FA models only) | Front VS sensor no signal • Loose or poor contact of the front VS sensor connector • Front VS sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Engine operates normally • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) |
Differential Lock Fault Codes:
| DTC | Function Failure | Symptom/Fall-safe function |
| 91-1 | Differential lock motor continuous operation (more than 3.2 seconds) in positive rotation • Differential lock system parts or its circuit malfunction • Faulty PCM/ECM | • Differential lock/4WD indicators blink/Disables differential lock system |
| 91-2 | Differential lock motor continuous operation (more than 3.2 seconds) in negative rotation • Differential lock system parts or its circuit malfunction • Faulty PCM/ECM | • Differential lock/4WD indicators blink/Disables differential lock system |
| 92-1 | Differential lock motor both terminals high voltage (more than 2.99 V) • Differential lock system parts or its circuit malfunction • Faulty PCM/ECM | • Differential lock/4WD indicators blink/Disables differential lock system |
| 94-1 | Unusual voltage input pattern on differential lock motor terminal • Differential lock system parts or its circuit malfunction | • Differential lock/4WD indicators blink/Disables differential lock system |
| 95-1 | Differential lock motor operation in negative rotation without operating the pull back relay in changing to differential lock • Differential lock system parts or its circuit malfunction • Faulty PCM/ECM | • Differential lock/4WD indicators blink/Disables differential lock system |
| 97-1 | Fail-safe relay stuck ON • Fail-safe relay or its circuit malfunction • Faulty PCM/ECM | • Differential lock/4WD indicators blink/Disables differential lock system |
Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) Fault Codes:
| DTC (“-” blinks) | Function Failure | Symptom/Fail-safe function | MIL blinks |
| 4-1 (4) | Dual clutch PC solenoid valve Low input • Loose or poor contact of the dual clutch PC solenoid valve connector • Dual clutch PC solenoid valve or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 4-2 (4) | Dual clutch PC solenoid valve High input • Dual clutch PC solenoid valve or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 4-3 (4) | Dual clutch PC solenoid valve drive circuit • Dual clutch PC solenoid valve or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 8-1 (8) | TP sensor circuit Low voltage • TP sensor or its circuit malfunction • Loose or poor contact of the TP sensor connector | • Poor engine acceleration • Fail-safe value: 0° • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | 8 |
| 8-2 (8) | TP sensor circuit High voltage • TP sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Poor engine acceleration • Fail-safe value: 0° • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | 8 |
| 15-1 (15) | Shift solenoid valve circuit • Loose or poor contact of the shift solenoid valve connector • Shift solenoid valve or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 21-1 (21) | Shift spindle angle sensor circuit Low voltage • Loose or poor contact of the shift spindle angle sensor connector • Shift spindle angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 21-2 (21) | Shift spindle angle sensor circuit High voltage • Shift spindle angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 22-1 (22) | Shift spindle operation malfunction (while operating gearshift mechanism) • Control motor or its circuit malfunction • Shift spindle angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 23-1 (23) | Shift spindle operation malfunction (after operating gearshift mechanism) • Shift spindle angle sensor installation problem • Shift spindle angle sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 24-1 (24) | Shift control motor drive circuit • Loose or poor contact of the shift control motor connector • Control motor or its circuit malfunction • Control motor drive circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 32-1 (32) | Fail-safe relay circuit • Fail-safe relay circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 41-1 (41) | Shift drum position switch circuit • Shift drum position switch or its circuit malfunction (Short) | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | 41 |
| 42-1 (42) | Gearshift switch circuit • Gearshift switch or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |
| 44-1 (44) | EOT sensor circuit low voltage (less than 0.08 V) • EOT sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) • Cooling fan turns on | 44 |
| 44-2 (44) | EOT sensor circuit high voltage (more than 4.92 V) • Loose or poor contact of the EOT sensor connector • EOT sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | 44 |
| 66-1 (66) | Rear VS sensor no signal • Loose or poor contact of the rear VS sensor connector • Rear VS sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | 66 |
| 67-1 (67) | Front VS sensor no signal • Loose or poor contact of the front VS sensor connector • Front VS sensor or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | 67 |
| 81-1 (81) | Sub-transmission switches malfunction (Low and drive switches remain ON simultaneously for more than 1.5 seconds) • Sub-transmission switch or its circuit malfunction | • Gearshift function does not work (2nd, 4th or reverse gear only) | – |